1、在 Linux 中安装 tcpdump
tcpdump 支持多种 Linux 发行版，所以你的系统中很有可能已经安装了它。用下面的命令检查一下是否已经安装了 tcpdump：
$ which tcpdump /usr/sbin/tcpdump
如果还没有安装 tcpdump，你可以用软件包管理器安装它。 例如，在 CentOS 或者 Red Hat Enterprise 系统中，用如下命令安装 tcpdump：
$ sudo yum install -y tcpdump
tcpdump 依赖于 libpcap，该库文件用于捕获网络数据包。如果该库文件也没有安装，系统会根据依赖关系自动安装它。
现在你可以开始抓包了。
2、用 tcpdump 抓包
使用 tcpdump 抓包，需要管理员权限，因此下面的示例中绝大多数命令都是以 sudo 开头。
首先，先用 tcpdump -D 命令列出可以抓包的网络接口：
$ sudo tcpdump -D 1.eth0 2.virbr0 3.eth1 4.any (Pseudo-device that captures on all interfaces) 5.lo [Loopback]
如上所示，可以看到我的机器中所有可以抓包的网络接口。其中特殊接口 any 可用于抓取所有活动的网络接口的数据包。
我们就用如下命令先对 any 接口进行抓包：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 09:56:18.293641 IP rhel75.localdomain.ssh > 192.168.64.1.56322: Flags [P.], seq 3770820720:3770820916, ack 3503648727, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 76577898 ecr 510770929], length 196 09:56:18.293794 IP 192.168.64.1.56322 > rhel75.localdomain.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 391, options [nop,nop,TS val 510771017 ecr 76577898], length 0 09:56:18.295058 IP rhel75.59883 > gateway.domain: 2486+ PTR? 1.64.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (43) 09:56:18.310225 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.59883: 2486 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (102) 09:56:18.312482 IP rhel75.49685 > gateway.domain: 34242+ PTR? 28.64.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (44) 09:56:18.322425 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.49685: 34242 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (103) 09:56:18.323164 IP rhel75.56631 > gateway.domain: 29904+ PTR? 1.122.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (44) 09:56:18.323342 IP rhel75.localdomain.ssh > 192.168.64.1.56322: Flags [P.], seq 196:584, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 76577928 ecr 510771017], length 388 09:56:18.323563 IP 192.168.64.1.56322 > rhel75.localdomain.ssh: Flags [.], ack 584, win 411, options [nop,nop,TS val 510771047 ecr 76577928], length 0 09:56:18.335569 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.56631: 29904 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (103) 09:56:18.336429 IP rhel75.44007 > gateway.domain: 61677+ PTR? 98.122.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (45) 09:56:18.336655 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.44007: 61677* 1/0/0 PTR rhel75. (65) 09:56:18.337177 IP rhel75.localdomain.ssh > 192.168.64.1.56322: Flags [P.], seq 584:1644, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 76577942 ecr 510771047], length 1060 ---- SKIPPING LONG OUTPUT ----- 09:56:19.342939 IP 192.168.64.1.56322 > rhel75.localdomain.ssh: Flags [.], ack 1752016, win 1444, options [nop,nop,TS val 510772067 ecr 76578948], length 0 ^C 9003 packets captured 9010 packets received by filter 7 packets dropped by kernel $
tcpdump 会持续抓包直到收到中断信号。你可以按 Ctrl+C 来停止抓包。正如上面示例所示，tcpdump 抓取了超过 9000 个数据包。在这个示例中，由于我是通过 ssh 连接到服务器，所以 tcpdump 也捕获了所有这类数据包。-c 选项可以用于限制 tcpdump 抓包的数量：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c 5 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 11:21:30.242740 IP rhel75.localdomain.ssh > 192.168.64.1.56322: Flags [P.], seq 3772575680:3772575876, ack 3503651743, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 81689848 ecr 515883153], length 196 11:21:30.242906 IP 192.168.64.1.56322 > rhel75.localdomain.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 1443, options [nop,nop,TS val 515883235 ecr 81689848], length 0 11:21:30.244442 IP rhel75.43634 > gateway.domain: 57680+ PTR? 1.64.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (43) 11:21:30.244829 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.43634: 57680 NXDomain 0/0/0 (43) 11:21:30.247048 IP rhel75.33696 > gateway.domain: 37429+ PTR? 28.64.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (44) 5 packets captured 12 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel $
如上所示，tcpdump 在抓取 5 个数据包后自动停止了抓包。这在有些场景中十分有用 —— 比如你只需要抓取少量的数据包用于分析。当我们需要使用过滤规则抓取特定的数据包（如下所示）时，-c 的作用就十分突出了。
在上面示例中，tcpdump 默认是将 IP 地址和端口号解析为对应的接口名以及服务协议名称。而通常在网络故障排查中，使用 IP 地址和端口号更便于分析问题；用 -n 选项显示 IP 地址，-nn 选项显示端口号：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 23:56:24.292206 IP 192.168.64.28.22 > 192.168.64.1.35110: Flags [P.], seq 166198580:166198776, ack 2414541257, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 615664 ecr 540031155], length 196 23:56:24.292357 IP 192.168.64.1.35110 > 192.168.64.28.22: Flags [.], ack 196, win 1377, options [nop,nop,TS val 540031229 ecr 615664], length 0 23:56:24.292570 IP 192.168.64.28.22 > 192.168.64.1.35110: Flags [P.], seq 196:568, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 615664 ecr 540031229], length 372 23:56:24.292655 IP 192.168.64.1.35110 > 192.168.64.28.22: Flags [.], ack 568, win 1400, options [nop,nop,TS val 540031229 ecr 615664], length 0 23:56:24.292752 IP 192.168.64.28.22 > 192.168.64.1.35110: Flags [P.], seq 568:908, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 615664 ecr 540031229], length 340 5 packets captured 6 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
如上所示，抓取的数据包中显示 IP 地址和端口号。这样还可以阻止 tcpdump 发出 DNS 查找，有助于在网络故障排查中减少数据流量。
现在你已经会抓包了，让我们来分析一下这些抓包输出的含义吧。
3、理解抓取的报文
tcpdump 能够抓取并解码多种协议类型的数据报文，如 TCP、UDP、ICMP 等等。虽然这里我们不可能介绍所有的数据报文类型，但可以分析下 TCP 类型的数据报文，来帮助你入门。更多有关 tcpdump 的详细介绍可以参考其 。tcpdump 抓取的 TCP 报文看起来如下：
08:41:13.729687 IP 192.168.64.28.22 > 192.168.64.1.41916: Flags [P.], seq 196:568, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 117964079 ecr 816509256], length 372
具体的字段根据不同的报文类型会有不同，但上面这个例子是一般的格式形式。
第一个字段 08:41:13.729687 是该数据报文被抓取的系统本地时间戳。
然后，IP 是网络层协议类型，这里是 IPv4，如果是 IPv6 协议，该字段值是 IP6。
192.168.64.28.22 是源 ip 地址和端口号，紧跟其后的是目的 ip 地址和其端口号，这里是 192.168.64.1.41916。
在源 IP 和目的 IP 之后，可以看到是 TCP 报文标记段 Flags [P.]。该字段通常取值如下：
| 值 | 标志类型 | 描述 |
|---|---|---|
| S | SYN | Connection Start |
| F | FIN | Connection Finish |
| P | PUSH | Data push |
| R | RST | Connection reset |
| . | ACK | Acknowledgment |
该字段也可以是这些值的组合，例如 [S.] 代表 SYN-ACK 数据包。
接下来是该数据包中数据的序列号。对于抓取的第一个数据包，该字段值是一个绝对数字，后续包使用相对数值，以便更容易查询跟踪。例如此处 seq 196:568 代表该数据包包含该数据流的第 196 到 568 字节。
接下来是 ack 值：ack 1。该数据包是数据发送方，ack 值为 1。在数据接收方，该字段代表数据流上的下一个预期字节数据，例如，该数据流中下一个数据包的 ack 值应该是 568。
接下来字段是接收窗口大小 win 309，它表示接收缓冲区中可用的字节数，后跟 TCP 选项如 MSS（最大段大小）或者窗口比例值。更详尽的 TCP 协议内容请参考 。
最后，length 372 代表数据包有效载荷字节长度。这个长度和 seq 序列号中字节数值长度是不一样的。
现在让我们学习如何过滤数据报文以便更容易的分析定位问题。
4、过滤数据包
正如上面所提，tcpdump 可以抓取很多种类型的数据报文，其中很多可能和我们需要查找的问题并没有关系。举个例子，假设你正在定位一个与 web 服务器连接的网络问题，就不必关系 SSH 数据报文，因此在抓包结果中过滤掉 SSH 报文可能更便于你分析问题。
tcpdump 有很多参数选项可以设置数据包过滤规则，例如根据源 IP 以及目的 IP 地址，端口号，协议等等规则来过滤数据包。下面就介绍一些最常用的过滤方法。
协议
在命令中指定协议便可以按照协议类型来筛选数据包。比方说用如下命令只要抓取 ICMP 报文：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
然后再打开一个终端，去 ping 另一台机器：
$ ping opensource.com PING opensource.com (54.204.39.132) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com (54.204.39.132): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=39.6 ms
回到运行 tcpdump 命令的终端中，可以看到它筛选出了 ICMP 报文。这里 tcpdump 并没有显示有关 opensource.com 的域名解析数据包：
09:34:20.136766 IP rhel75 > ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com: ICMP echo request, id 20361, seq 1, length 64 09:34:20.176402 IP ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com > rhel75: ICMP echo reply, id 20361, seq 1, length 64 09:34:21.140230 IP rhel75 > ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com: ICMP echo request, id 20361, seq 2, length 64 09:34:21.180020 IP ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com > rhel75: ICMP echo reply, id 20361, seq 2, length 64 09:34:22.141777 IP rhel75 > ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com: ICMP echo request, id 20361, seq 3, length 64 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
主机
用 host 参数只抓取和特定主机相关的数据包：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn host 54.204.39.132 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 09:54:20.042023 IP 192.168.122.98.39326 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 1375157070, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 122350391 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 09:54:20.088127 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39326: Flags [S.], seq 1935542841, ack 1375157071, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522713542 ecr 122350391,nop,wscale 9], length 0 09:54:20.088204 IP 192.168.122.98.39326 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122350437 ecr 522713542], length 0 09:54:20.088734 IP 192.168.122.98.39326 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122350438 ecr 522713542], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 09:54:20.129733 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39326: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522713552 ecr 122350438], length 0 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
如上所示，只抓取和显示与 54.204.39.132 有关的数据包。
端口号
tcpdump 可以根据服务类型或者端口号来筛选数据包。例如，抓取和 HTTP 服务相关的数据包：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn port 80tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decodelistening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes09:58:28.790548 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 1745665159, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 122599140 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 009:58:28.834026 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39330: Flags [S.], seq 4063583040, ack 1745665160, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522775728 ecr 122599140,nop,wscale 9], length 009:58:28.834093 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122599183 ecr 522775728], length 009:58:28.834588 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122599184 ecr 522775728], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.109:58:28.878445 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39330: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522775739 ecr 122599184], length 05 packets captured5 packets received by filter0 packets dropped by kernel
IP 地址/主机名
同样，你也可以根据源 IP 地址或者目的 IP 地址或者主机名来筛选数据包。例如抓取源 IP 地址为 192.168.122.98 的数据包：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn port 80 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 09:58:28.790548 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 1745665159, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 122599140 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 09:58:28.834026 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39330: Flags [S.], seq 4063583040, ack 1745665160, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522775728 ecr 122599140,nop,wscale 9], length 0 09:58:28.834093 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122599183 ecr 522775728], length 0 09:58:28.834588 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122599184 ecr 522775728], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 09:58:28.878445 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39330: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522775739 ecr 122599184], length 0 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
注意此处示例中抓取了来自源 IP 地址 192.168.122.98 的 53 端口以及 80 端口的数据包，它们的应答包没有显示出来因为那些包的源 IP 地址已经变了。
相对的，使用 dst 就是按目的 IP/主机名来筛选数据包。
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn src 192.168.122.98 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10:02:15.220824 IP 192.168.122.98.39436 > 192.168.122.1.53: 59332+ A? opensource.com. (32) 10:02:15.220862 IP 192.168.122.98.39436 > 192.168.122.1.53: 20749+ AAAA? opensource.com. (32) 10:02:15.364062 IP 192.168.122.98.39334 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 1108640533, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 122825713 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 10:02:15.409229 IP 192.168.122.98.39334 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 669337581, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122825758 ecr 522832372], length 0 10:02:15.409667 IP 192.168.122.98.39334 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 0:112, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122825759 ecr 522832372], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
多条件筛选
当然，可以使用多条件组合来筛选数据包，使用 and 以及 or 逻辑操作符来创建过滤规则。例如，筛选来自源 IP 地址 192.168.122.98 的 HTTP 数据包：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn dst 192.168.122.98 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10:05:03.572931 IP 192.168.122.1.53 > 192.168.122.98.47049: 2248 1/0/0 A 54.204.39.132 (48) 10:05:03.572944 IP 192.168.122.1.53 > 192.168.122.98.47049: 33770 0/0/0 (32) 10:05:03.621833 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39338: Flags [S.], seq 3474204576, ack 3256851264, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522874425 ecr 122993922,nop,wscale 9], length 0 10:05:03.667767 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39338: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522874436 ecr 122993972], length 0 10:05:03.672221 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39338: Flags [P.], seq 1:643, ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522874437 ecr 122993972], length 642: HTTP: HTTP/1.1 302 Found 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
你也可以使用括号来创建更为复杂的过滤规则，但在 shell 中请用引号包含你的过滤规则以防止被识别为 shell 表达式：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn "port 80 and (src 192.168.122.98 or src 54.204.39.132)" tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10:10:37.602214 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 871108679, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 123327951 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 10:10:37.650651 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39346: Flags [S.], seq 854753193, ack 871108680, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522957932 ecr 123327951,nop,wscale 9], length 0 10:10:37.650708 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 123328000 ecr 522957932], length 0 10:10:37.651097 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 123328000 ecr 522957932], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 10:10:37.692900 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39346: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522957942 ecr 123328000], length 0 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn "port 80 and (src 192.168.122.98 or src 54.204.39.132)" tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10:10:37.602214 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 871108679, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 123327951 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 10:10:37.650651 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39346: Flags [S.], seq 854753193, ack 871108680, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522957932 ecr 123327951,nop,wscale 9], length 0 10:10:37.650708 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 123328000 ecr 522957932], length 0 10:10:37.651097 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 123328000 ecr 522957932], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 10:10:37.692900 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39346: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522957942 ecr 123328000], length 0 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
该例子中我们只抓取了来自源 IP 为 192.168.122.98 或者 54.204.39.132 的 HTTP （端口号80）的数据包。使用该方法就很容易抓取到数据流中交互双方的数据包了。
5、检查数据包内容
在以上的示例中，我们只按数据包头部的信息来建立规则筛选数据包，例如源地址、目的地址、端口号等等。有时我们需要分析网络连接问题，可能需要分析数据包中的内容来判断什么内容需要被发送、什么内容需要被接收等。tcpdump 提供了两个选项可以查看数据包内容，-X 以十六进制打印出数据报文内容，-A 打印数据报文的 ASCII 值。
例如，HTTP 请求报文内容如下：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c10 -nn -A port 80 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 13:02:14.871803 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 2546602048, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 133625221 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 E..<.. ip> 192.168.122.98.39366: Flags [S.], seq 1877348646, ack 2546602049, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 525532247 ecr 133625221,nop,wscale 9], length 0 E..<.. a.......... ................ ip> 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625260 ecr 525532247], length 0 E..4..@.@.....zb6.'....P...Ao..'........... .....R.W................ 13:02:14.911808 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625261 ecr 525532247], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 E.....@.@..1..zb6.'....P...Ao..'........... .....R.WGET / HTTP/1.1 User-Agent: Wget/1.14 (linux-gnu) Accept: */* Host: opensource.com Connection: Keep-Alive ................ 13:02:14.951199 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39366: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 525532257 ecr 133625261], length 0 E..4.F@./.."6.'...zb.P..o..'.......9.2..... .R.a.................... 13:02:14.955030 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39366: Flags [P.], seq 1:643, ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 525532258 ecr 133625261], length 642: HTTP: HTTP/1.1 302 Found E....G@./...6.'...zb.P..o..'.......9....... .R.b....HTTP/1.1 302 Found Server: nginx Date: Sun, 23 Sep 2018 17:02:14 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Length: 207 X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff Location: https://opensource.com/ Cache-Control: max-age=1209600 Expires: Sun, 07 Oct 2018 17:02:14 GMT X-Request-ID: v-6baa3acc-bf52-11e8-9195-22000ab8cf2d X-Varnish: 632951979 Age: 0 Via: 1.1 varnish (Varnish/5.2) X-Cache: MISS Connection: keep-alive302 Found Found
The document has moved here.
................ 13:02:14.955083 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 643, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625304 ecr 525532258], length 0 E..4..@.@.....zb6.'....P....o.............. .....R.b................ 13:02:15.195524 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [F.], seq 113, ack 643, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625545 ecr 525532258], length 0 E..4..@.@.....zb6.'....P....o.............. .....R.b................ 13:02:15.236592 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39366: Flags [F.], seq 643, ack 114, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 525532329 ecr 133625545], length 0 E..4.H@./.. 6.'...zb.P..o..........9.I..... .R...................... 13:02:15.236656 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 644, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625586 ecr 525532329], length 0 E..4..@.@.....zb6.'....P....o.............. .....R.................. 10 packets captured 10 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
这对定位一些普通 HTTP 调用 API 接口的问题很有用。当然如果是加密报文，这个输出也就没多大用了。
6、保存抓包数据
tcpdump 提供了保存抓包数据的功能以便后续分析数据包。例如，你可以夜里让它在那里抓包，然后早上起来再去分析它。同样当有很多数据包时，显示过快也不利于分析，将数据包保存下来，更有利于分析问题。
使用 -w 选项来保存数据包而不是在屏幕上显示出抓取的数据包：
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c10 -nn -w webserver.pcap port 80 [sudo] password for ricardo: tcpdump: listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10 packets captured 10 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernelxxxxxxxxxx6 1$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c10 -nn -w webserver.pcap port 802[sudo] password for ricardo:3tcpdump: listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes410 packets captured510 packets received by filter60 packets dropped by kernel$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c10 -nn -w webserver.pcap port 80[sudo] password for ricardo:tcpdump: listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes10 packets captured10 packets received by filter0 packets dropped by kernel
该命令将抓取的数据包保存到文件 webserver.pcap。后缀名 pcap 表示文件是抓取的数据包格式。
正如示例中所示，保存数据包到文件中时屏幕上就没有任何有关数据报文的输出，其中 -c10 表示抓取到 10 个数据包后就停止抓包。如果想有一些反馈来提示确实抓取到了数据包，可以使用 -v 选项。
tcpdump 将数据包保存在二进制文件中，所以不能简单的用文本编辑器去打开它。使用 -r 选项参数来阅读该文件中的报文内容：
$ tcpdump -nn -r webserver.pcap reading from file webserver.pcap, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked) 13:36:57.679494 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 3709732619, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 135708029 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 13:36:57.718932 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [S.], seq 1999298316, ack 3709732620, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 526052949 ecr 135708029,nop,wscale 9], length 0 13:36:57.719005 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708068 ecr 526052949], length 0 13:36:57.719186 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708068 ecr 526052949], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 13:36:57.756979 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526052959 ecr 135708068], length 0 13:36:57.760122 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [P.], seq 1:643, ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526052959 ecr 135708068], length 642: HTTP: HTTP/1.1 302 Found 13:36:57.760182 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 643, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708109 ecr 526052959], length 0 13:36:57.977602 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [F.], seq 113, ack 643, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708327 ecr 526052959], length 0 13:36:58.022089 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [F.], seq 643, ack 114, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526053025 ecr 135708327], length 0 13:36:58.022132 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 644, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708371 ecr 526053025], length 0 $
这里不需要管理员权限 sudo 了，因为此刻并不是在网络接口处抓包。
你还可以使用我们讨论过的任何过滤规则来过滤文件中的内容，就像使用实时数据一样。 例如，通过执行以下命令从源 IP 地址 54.204.39.132 检查文件中的数据包：
$ tcpdump -nn -r webserver.pcap src 54.204.39.132 reading from file webserver.pcap, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked) 13:36:57.718932 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [S.], seq 1999298316, ack 3709732620, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 526052949 ecr 135708029,nop,wscale 9], length 0 13:36:57.756979 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526052959 ecr 135708068], length 0 13:36:57.760122 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [P.], seq 1:643, ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526052959 ecr 135708068], length 642: HTTP: HTTP/1.1 302 Found 13:36:58.022089 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [F.], seq 643, ack 114, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526053025 ecr 135708327], length 0
下一步做什么？
以上的基本功能已经可以帮助你使用强大的 tcpdump 抓包工具了。更多的内容请参考 以及它的 。
tcpdump 命令行工具为分析网络流量数据包提供了强大的灵活性。如果需要使用图形工具来抓包请参考 。
Wireshark 还可以用来读取 tcpdump 保存的 pcap 文件。你可以使用 tcpdump 命令行在没有 GUI 界面的远程机器上抓包然后在 Wireshark 中分析数据包。
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