Lynis是一个非常流行的开源安全审计工具能够强化基于Linux和unix的系统,自动生成一份关于机器安全的报。
安装 Lynis
你的 Linux 软件仓库中可能有 Lynis。如果有的话,你可以用以下方法安装它:
dnf install lynis
或
apt install lynis
然而,如果你的仓库中的版本不是最新的,你最好从 GitHub 上安装它。(我使用的是 Red Hat Linux 系统,但你可以在任何 Linux 发行版上运行它)。就像所有的工具一样,先在虚拟机上试一试是有意义的。要从 GitHub 上安装它:
$ cat /etc/redhat-releaseRed Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 7.8 (Maipo)$$ uname -r3.10.0-1127.el7.x86_64$$ git clone https://github.com/CISOfy/lynis.gitCloning into 'lynis'...remote: Enumerating objects: 30, done.remote: Counting objects: 100% (30/30), done.remote: Compressing objects: 100% (30/30), done.remote: Total 12566 (delta 15), reused 8 (delta 0), pack-reused 12536Receiving objects: 100% (12566/12566), 6.36 MiB | 911.00 KiB/s, done.Resolving deltas: 100% (9264/9264), done.$
一旦你克隆了这个版本库,那么进入该目录,看看里面有什么可用的。主要的工具在一个叫 lynis 的文件里。它实际上是一个 shell 脚本,所以你可以打开它看看它在做什么。事实上,Lynis 主要是用 shell 脚本来实现的:
$ cd lynis/$ lsCHANGELOG.md CONTRIBUTING.md db developer.prf FAQ include LICENSE lynis.8 README SECURITY.mdCODE_OF_CONDUCT.md CONTRIBUTORS.md default.prf extras HAPPY_USERS.md INSTALL lynis plugins README.md$$ file lynislynis: POSIX shell script, ASCII text executable, with very long lines$
运行 Lynis
通过给 Lynis 一个 -h 选项来查看帮助部分,以便有个大概了解:
$ ./lynis -h
你会看到一个简短的信息屏幕,然后是 Lynis 支持的所有子命令。
接下来,尝试一些测试命令以大致熟悉一下。要查看你正在使用的 Lynis 版本,请运行:
$ ./lynis show version3.0.0$
要查看 Lynis 中所有可用的命令:
$ ./lynis show commandsCommands:lynis auditlynis configurelynis generatelynis showlynis updatelynis upload-only$
审计 Linux 系统
要审计你的系统的安全态势,运行以下命令:
$ ./lynis audit system
这个命令运行得很快,并会返回一份详细的报告,输出结果可能一开始看起来很吓人,但我将在下面引导你来阅读它。这个命令的输出也会被保存到一个日志文件中,所以你可以随时回过头来检查任何可能感兴趣的东西。
Lynis 将日志保存在这里:
Files:- Test and debug information : /var/log/lynis.log- Report data : /var/log/lynis-report.dat
你可以验证是否创建了日志文件。它确实创建了:
$ ls -l /var/log/lynis.log-rw-r-----. 1 root root 341489 Apr 30 05:52 /var/log/lynis.log$$ ls -l /var/log/lynis-report.dat-rw-r-----. 1 root root 638 Apr 30 05:55 /var/log/lynis-report.dat$
探索报告
Lynis 提供了相当全面的报告,所以我将介绍一些重要的部分。作为初始化的一部分,Lynis 做的第一件事就是找出机器上运行的操作系统的完整信息。之后是检查是否安装了什么系统工具和插件:
[+] Initializing program------------------------------------- Detecting OS... [ DONE ]- Checking profiles... [ DONE ]---------------------------------------------------Program version: 3.0.0Operating system: LinuxOperating system name: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 7.8 (Maipo)Operating system version: 7.8Kernel version: 3.10.0Hardware platform: x86_64Hostname: example--------------------------------------------------->[+] System Tools------------------------------------- Scanning available tools...- Checking system binaries...[+] Plugins (phase 1)------------------------------------Note: plugins have more extensive tests and may take several minutes to complete- Plugin: pam[..]- Plugin: systemd[................]
接下来,该报告被分为不同的部分,每个部分都以 [+] 符号开头。下面可以看到部分章节。(哇,要审核的地方有这么多,Lynis 是最合适的工具!)
[+] Boot and services[+] Kernel[+] Memory and Processes[+] Users, Groups and Authentication[+] Shells[+] File systems[+] USB Devices[+] Storage[+] NFS[+] Name services[+] Ports and packages[+] Networking[+] Printers and Spools[+] Software: e-mail and messaging[+] Software: firewalls[+] Software: webserver[+] SSH Support[+] SNMP Support[+] Databases[+] LDAP Services[+] PHP[+] Squid Support[+] Logging and files[+] Insecure services[+] Banners and identification[+] Scheduled tasks[+] Accounting[+] Time and Synchronization[+] Cryptography[+] Virtualization[+] Containers[+] Security frameworks[+] Software: file integrity[+] Software: System tooling[+] Software: Malware[+] File Permissions[+] Home directories[+] Kernel Hardening[+] Hardening[+] Custom tests
Lynis 使用颜色编码使报告更容易解读。
- 绿色。一切正常
- 黄色。跳过、未找到,可能有个建议
- 红色。你可能需要仔细看看这个
在我的案例中,大部分的红色标记都是在 “Kernel Hardening” 部分找到的。内核有各种可调整的设置,它们定义了内核的功能,其中一些可调整的设置可能有其安全场景。发行版可能因为各种原因没有默认设置这些,但是你应该检查每一项,看看你是否需要根据你的安全态势来改变它的值:
[+] Kernel Hardening------------------------------------- Comparing sysctl key pairs with scan profile- fs.protected_hardlinks (exp: 1) [ OK ]- fs.protected_symlinks (exp: 1) [ OK ]- fs.suid_dumpable (exp: 0) [ OK ]- kernel.core_uses_pid (exp: 1) [ OK ]- kernel.ctrl-alt-del (exp: 0) [ OK ]- kernel.dmesg_restrict (exp: 1) [ DIFFERENT ]- kernel.kptr_restrict (exp: 2) [ DIFFERENT ]- kernel.randomize_va_space (exp: 2) [ OK ]- kernel.sysrq (exp: 0) [ DIFFERENT ]- kernel.yama.ptrace_scope (exp: 1 2 3) [ DIFFERENT ]- net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects (exp: 0) [ DIFFERENT ]- net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route (exp: 0) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.conf.all.bootp_relay (exp: 0) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding (exp: 0) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians (exp: 1) [ DIFFERENT ]- net.ipv4.conf.all.mc_forwarding (exp: 0) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.conf.all.proxy_arp (exp: 0) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter (exp: 1) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects (exp: 0) [ DIFFERENT ]- net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects (exp: 0) [ DIFFERENT ]- net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route (exp: 0) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians (exp: 1) [ DIFFERENT ]- net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts (exp: 1) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses (exp: 1) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies (exp: 1) [ OK ]- net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps (exp: 0 1) [ OK ]- net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects (exp: 0) [ DIFFERENT ]- net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route (exp: 0) [ OK ]- net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects (exp: 0) [ DIFFERENT ]- net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route (exp: 0) [ OK ]
看看 SSH 这个例子,因为它是一个需要保证安全的关键领域。这里没有什么红色的东西,但是 Lynis 对我的环境给出了很多强化 SSH 服务的建议:
[+] SSH Support------------------------------------- Checking running SSH daemon [ FOUND ]- Searching SSH configuration [ FOUND ]- OpenSSH option: AllowTcpForwarding [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: ClientAliveCountMax [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: ClientAliveInterval [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: Compression [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: FingerprintHash [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: GatewayPorts [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: IgnoreRhosts [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: LoginGraceTime [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: LogLevel [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: MaxAuthTries [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: MaxSessions [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: PermitRootLogin [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: PermitUserEnvironment [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: PermitTunnel [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: Port [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: PrintLastLog [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: StrictModes [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: TCPKeepAlive [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: UseDNS [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: X11Forwarding [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: AllowAgentForwarding [ SUGGESTION ]- OpenSSH option: UsePrivilegeSeparation [ OK ]- OpenSSH option: AllowUsers [ NOT FOUND ]- OpenSSH option: AllowGroups [ NOT FOUND ]
我的系统上没有运行虚拟机或容器,所以这些显示的结果是空的:
[+] Virtualization------------------------------------[+] Containers------------------------------------
Lynis 会检查一些从安全角度看很重要的文件的文件权限:
[+] File Permissions------------------------------------- Starting file permissions checkFile: /boot/grub2/grub.cfg [ SUGGESTION ]File: /etc/cron.deny [ OK ]File: /etc/crontab [ SUGGESTION ]File: /etc/group [ OK ]File: /etc/group- [ OK ]File: /etc/hosts.allow [ OK ]File: /etc/hosts.deny [ OK ]File: /etc/issue [ OK ]File: /etc/issue.net [ OK ]File: /etc/motd [ OK ]File: /etc/passwd [ OK ]File: /etc/passwd- [ OK ]File: /etc/ssh/sshd_config [ OK ]Directory: /root/.ssh [ SUGGESTION ]Directory: /etc/cron.d [ SUGGESTION ]Directory: /etc/cron.daily [ SUGGESTION ]Directory: /etc/cron.hourly [ SUGGESTION ]Directory: /etc/cron.weekly [ SUGGESTION ]Directory: /etc/cron.monthly [ SUGGESTION ]
在报告的底部,Lynis 根据报告的发现提出了建议。每项建议后面都有一个 “TEST-ID”(为了下一部分方便,请将其保存起来)。
Suggestions (47):----------------------------* If not required, consider explicit disabling of core dump in /etc/security/limits.conf file [KRNL-5820]https://cisofy.com/lynis/controls/KRNL-5820/* Check PAM configuration, add rounds if applicable and expire passwords to encrypt with new values [AUTH-9229]https://cisofy.com/lynis/controls/AUTH-9229/
Lynis 提供了一个选项来查找关于每个建议的更多信息,你可以使用 show details 命令和 TEST-ID 号来访问:
./lynis show details TEST-ID
这将显示该测试的其他信息。例如,我检查了 SSH-7408 的详细信息:
$ ./lynis show details SSH-74082020-04-30 05:52:23 Performing test ID SSH-7408 (Check SSH specific defined options)2020-04-30 05:52:23 Test: Checking specific defined options in /tmp/lynis.k8JwazmKc62020-04-30 05:52:23 Result: added additional options for OpenSSH < 7.52020-04-30 05:52:23 Test: Checking AllowTcpForwarding in /tmp/lynis.k8JwazmKc62020-04-30 05:52:23 Result: Option AllowTcpForwarding found2020-04-30 05:52:23 Result: Option AllowTcpForwarding value is YES2020-04-30 05:52:23 Result: OpenSSH option AllowTcpForwarding is in a weak configuration state and should be fixed2020-04-30 05:52:23 Suggestion: Consider hardening SSH configuration [test:SSH-7408] [details:AllowTcpForwarding (set YES to NO)] [solution:-]
试试吧
想知道你的系统安全吗,快使用Lynis检查一下系统把。
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